LINKS:

• Syllabus
• Review Exercises
• Map quizzes
  • Chapter 6 - Sub-Saharan Africa
  • Chapter 7 - North Africa and Southwest Asia
  • Chapter 8 - South Asia
  • Chapter 10 - Southeast Asia

   

• All online Lectures for GEG 101 ONLINE!
• All Online Map Quiz Tutorials for GEG 101 ONLINE!

MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES OF SOUTH ASIA Well defined physiographically: northern boundary Himalayan Mtn., Karakoram Range, Hindu Kush Mts. eastern boundary mountains and thick forests along Myanmar (Burma) border southern boundary Bay of Bengal Indian Ocean Arabian Sea western boundary a bit more open deserts and mountains The world’s second largest population cluster Significant demographic problems Low income economies (see table G-1) Population concentrated in villages - subsistence agriculture Strong cultural regionalism Boundary problems

DEFINING THE REALM

• South Asia and the War on Terror
• A Realm of Poverty

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

• Physiographic Regions of South Asia
  • Northern Mountains
  • River Lowlands
  • Southern Plateau
  • Online Lecture

MONSOONS “To know India and her people, one has to know the monsoon.” To the people of India the monsoons are a source of life. DEFINITION: Seasonal reversal of winds General onshore movement in summer General offshore flow in winter Very distinctive seasonal precipitation regime Why does it rain in the Indian State of Tamil Nadu during the Dry Monsoons, but it does not rain theere during the Wet Monsons? POTENTIALLY NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF MONSOONS Widespread flooding Property damage Destruction to agricultural lands Damage to transportation infrastructure Homelessness Disease Malnutrition Serious injury Death

HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY - The Human Sequence

• CULTURE HEARTH: The Indus River
  • Where an early culture emerged and developed
  • Arts and trade routes emerged from isolated tribes and villages to towns and beyond.
  • Hinduism emerged from the beliefs and practices brought to India by the Indo-Europeans (Aryans). (6th century BC)
  • Buddhism born of discontent; made the state religion of India in 3rd century BC
  • Islam sweeps through central India from the 8th -10th centuries AD

   

• Asoka's Mauryan Empire
• The Power of Islam
• The European Intrusian
  • Colnial Transformation
  • Partition
• Twenty-First Century Regional Flashpoints

POPULATION GEOGRAPHY The spatial view of demography Study of population distribution, composition, rates of growth, and patterns of flow Population Density Arithmetic Physiologic Key Measures Rate Of Natural Increase Doubling Time Geography of Demography: POPULATION DENSITY INDIA’S POPULATION GROWTH Dynamics of Populaiton Growth: DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL (DIAGRAM)

CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY

• A culturally fragmented realm
• Religious and linguistic diversity
• Religious patterns:
  • Islam is predominant in Pakistan and Bangladesh.
  • Hinduism is predominant in India.
  • Sikhism thrives in northern India.
  • Buddhismis predominant in Sri Lanka.

• HINDUISM
  • The world’s oldest religion
  • Culture hearth of the Indus River
  • Diffused south and east down the Ganges
  • Absorbed and eventually supplanted earlier native religions and customs
  • Not just a religion
  • An intricate web of religious, philosophical, social, economic, and artistic elements
  • No common creed
  • No single doctrine
  • No direct divine revelation
  • No rigid narrow moral code

   

  • MAJOR TENETS OF HINDUISM
    • Three main ideas are important in understanding the Hindu religion and the caste system
      • Reincarnation
    • Every living thing has a soul.
    • When a living thing dies, its soul moves into another living creature.

      • Souls are reborn in a newly created life.

      Karma

    • Every action brings about certain results.
    • There is no escaping the consequences of one’s actions.

      • Good behavior is rewarded when the soul is reborn into a higher ranking living creature.

      Dharma

    • A set of rules that must be followed by all living things if they wish to work their way up the ladder of reincarnation.

      • Each person’s dharma is different.

   

  • THREE BASIC PRACTICES
    • Puja or worship
    • Cremation of the dead
    • Regulations of the caste system

• BUDDHISM
  • ORIGINS AND SPREAD OF BUDDHISM
    • Siddhartha Gautama (563 - 483 B.C.)
    • Emperor Asoka (3rd Century B.C.)

     

  • Adherents objected to harsher features of Hinduism
  • Focuses on knowledge, especially self-knowledge
  • Elimination of worldly desires, determination not to hurt or kill people or animals

• FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS
  • Sorrow and suffering are part of all life.
  • People suffer because they desire things they cannot have.
  • The way to escape suffering is to end desire, to stop wanting, and to reach a stage of not wanting.
  • To end desire, follow the “middle path,” i.e., the path that avoids the extremes of too much pleasure and desire.

 

• EIGHTFOLD PATH TO THE MIDDLE WAY
  • Right understanding
  • Right purpose
  • Right speech
  • Right conduct
  • Right means of earning a living
  • Right effort
  • Right awareness
  • Right meditation

• FALL OF BUDDHISM ON THE SUBCONTINENT
  • Hinduism - broad and tolerant, accepting many of the teachings of Buddha
  • Buddhists in India - willing to compromise with the beliefs and customs of Hinduism
  • Final blow - 8th century - arrival of Islam
  • Destroyed the great Buddhist monasteries
  • Burned libraries
  • Killed monks
  • Today - only 1 million Buddhists in India

• RELIGIOUS CONTRASTS VS HINDUISM

• ISLAM
  • Monotheistic
  • No idols
  • One sacred book
  • Uniform dogma - 5 pillars
  • Intolerant (of other religions)
  • Eat beef/Sacrifice cows
  • Bury Dead
  • Social Equality (in theory)
  • Theocratic society

• HINDUISM
  • Polytheistic
  • Many idols
  • Various sacred writings
  • Varying beliefs
  • Absorbed other religions
  • Venerate cows
  • Burn dead (& alive)
  • Caste separation
  • “State” of secondary importance

KEY CONCEPTS APPLICABLE TO THE REALM CENTRIPETAL and CENTRIFUGAL FORCES FORWARD CAPITAL ISLAMABAD IRREDENTISM PATHANS (OR PASHTUNS) OF PAKISTAN RELATED TO PEOPLES OF CENTRAL AFGHANISTAN FEDERAL SYSTEM ADOPTED BY INDIA IN 1947 PROVIDES REGIONS AND PEOPLES WITH SOME AUTONOMY AND IDENTITY

REGIONS OF THE REALM

• PAKISTAN
  • The changing map
    • AT PARTITION) - MAP
    • PAKISTAN CURRENTLY - MAP
  • ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN
  • POPULATION OF 149.6 MILLION
  • 80% SUNNI MUSLIMS; 16% SHIA MINORITY
  • SUBREGIONS:
    • PUNJAB
    • SIND
    • BALUCHISTAN
    • NORTH WEST FRONTIER

• ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF PAKISTAN
  • 33% URBANIZED
  • LOW INCOME ECONOMY
  • ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION BEGAN IN 1990 TO BOOST FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC PRIVATE INVESTMENT.
  • COTTON-BASED TEXTILE INDUSTRY AND RICE
  • SUPPORTS A LARGE MILITARY ESTABLISHMENT (EMERGING REGIONAL POWER)

• KASHMIR
  • INDEPENDENCE & PARTITION
  • JAMMU & KASHMIR FACED WITH THE CHOICE OF JOINING EITHER HINDU INDIA OR MUSLIM PAKISTAN
  • HINDU MAHARAJA BUT MUSLIM POPULATION
  • 947 – PAKISTANI TRIBESMEN INVADE
  • MAHARAJA FLEES TO DELHI AND ACCEDES TO INDIA
  • INDIAN TROOPS DEPLOY – PAKISTANI REGULARS JOIN IN THE FIGHT
  • JANUARY 1949 – U.N. CEASE FIRE
  • 1980-88 MUSLIM EXTREMISTS CONTINUE INSURGENCY

• INDIA
  • ENCOMPASSES 3/4s OF SOUTH ASIA’S TOTAL AREA
  • A FEDERATION OF 28 STATES, 6 UTs, AND 1 NCT
  • POPULATION OF 1.086 BILLION PEOPLE
  • 28% URBANIZED
  • 14 MAJOR AND NUMEROUS MINOR LANGUAGES (LINGUA FRANCA?)
  • CENTRIPETAL VS CENTRIFUGAL FORCES?

   

  • ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (INDIA)
    • GDP OF $450 PER PERSON
    • 38% LIVE BELOW THE POVERTY LINE
    • A MIXTURE OF TRADITIONAL VILLAGE FARMING AND MODERN AGRICULTURE
    • HANDICRAFTS, OLD AND NEW BRANCHES OF INDUSTRY
    • MULTITUDE OF SUPPORT SERVICES AND NUCLEAR POWER
    • CLOTHING INDUSTRY

     

  • INDIA’S GREAT CITIES
    • MUMBAI (BOMBAY)- 18.3 MILLION
      • ACHIEVED “PRIMACY” BASED ON ITS SITUATION (SUEZ CANAL)
    • KOLKATA (CALCUTTA)
      • 4.3 MILLION
      • 500,000 HOMELESS
      • FORMER BRITISH COLONIAL CAPITAL- 1772
      • ADVERSELY AFFECTED BY PARTITION
    • DELHI (NEW AND OLD)- 15.3 MILLION
      • BRITISH AND INDIAN SEAT OF GOVERNMENT

GREEN REVOLUTION THE SUCCESSFUL DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER YIELD, FAST-GROWING VARIETIES OF RICE AND OTHER CEREALS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH PROGRAM-1960s FOCUSED ON THE FOOD CRISES INCREASED PRODUCTION PER UNIT AREA VIA: MIRACLE CROPS NEW IRRIGATION SYSTEMS INTENSIVE USE OF FERTILIZERS

• BANGLADESH
  • INDEPENDENT SINCE 1971
  • FORMERLY EAST PAKISTAN
  • 85% MUSLIM, 12% HINDU
  • 139.5 MILLION PEOPLE
  • PHYSIOLOGIC DENSITY = 3,800/sq mi
  • 2.2% ANNUAL GROWTH RATE
  • PER CAPITA GNP = 350 US DOLLARS
  • NATURAL HAZARDS – CYCLONES

• ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF BANGLADESH
  • LOW LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT (TECHNOLOGY)
  • ONE OF THE WORLD’S POOREST AND LEAST DEVELOPED STATES
  • ECONOMY IS OVERWHELMINGLY AGRICULTURAL
  • CULTIVATION OF RICE IS THE SINGLE MOST IMPORTANT ACTIVITY IN THE ECONOMY.

• THE MOUNTAINOUS NORTH
  • Nepal
  • Bhutan

• THE SOUTHERN ISLANDS
  • Maldives
  • Sri Lanka

• MALDIVES
  • >1,000 ISLANDS
  • <115 SQ MI / 300 SQ KMS
  • POPULATION OF 300,000
  • DRAVIDIAN AND SRI LANKA SOURCES
  • OVERWHELMINGLY MUSLIM
  • HIGHEST GNP IN THE REALM

 

• SRI LANKA
  • FORMERLY CEYLON
  • INDEPENDENT SINCE 1948
  • 19.7 MILLION PEOPLE (70% BUDDHISTS)
  • PLANTATION AGRICULTURE:
  • TEA, RUBBER, COCONUTS
  • SOUTH (MAJORITY OF POPULATION)
    • SINHALA (INDO-EUROPEAN)
  • NORTH (18% OF THE POPULATION)
    • DRAVIDIAN
    • HINDU
    • TAMIL LANGUAGE

 

• SINHALESE vs TAMILS (INCLUDES MAP)
  • TAMILS DEMANDED EQUAL RIGHTS:
    • EDUCATION
    • EMPLOYMENT
    • LAND OWNERSHIP
    • LANGUAGE AND POLITICS
  • INSURGENT STATE
  • LTTE – LIBERATION TIGERS OF TAMIL EELAM