How States Discourage Refugees

1. more strict visa requirements for refugee producing countries, and sanctions for airlines that accept passengers without proper documents, and even immigration officials at the airports of refugee producing countries.
   
2. "safe third country"
   
3. "safe country of origin"
   
4. "non-suspensive effect"
   
5. "transit zones"
   
6. persecution by "non-state agents"
   
7. individual threat vs. generalized violence