The best way to review for exam 1 is to:

• Look up everything on this study guide in the book or instructor notes.
• Write down the definitions of all words listed.
• You may need to use the index at the back of the textbook and the vocabulary links at the end of the instructor notes.
• Find all figures either in the textbook or instructor notes and read all you can about them.

Also:

• read the assigned readings (you may want to take notes)
• read the Instructor notes for each week
• learn the vocabulary !!!
• study the maps and figures in the textbook and instructor notes; there will be maps and figures on the exam
• review the Required Activities

This "review" page is intended to narrow your studying as you prepare for taking the exam or retake.

MODELS

Seventeen geographic models were introduced in this unit.

The EXAM REVIEW link on Blackboard will give you access to a "Practice Quiz on Geographic Models" and there is a summary of the geographic models discussed in this unit at the end of this exam 3 study guide [Review of Geographic Models].

Week 11 Development	Week 12 Agriculture	Week 13 Industry	Week 14 Services and Urban Patterns
Development Through Self-Sufficiency Development Through International Trade Rostow's Development Model	Von Thunen Model	Weber's model of industrial location Bulk-reducing industries / Weight-losing Bulk-gaining industries / Weight-gaining	Adam's model (stages of intraurban growth) Hotelling's Model of two ice cream vendors on a beach Central Place Theory Gravity Model Rank-size rule Primate City Rule Models of Urban Structure concentric zone model sector model multiple nuclei model Multicentered/Peripheral model (pepperoni pizza) model of a Latin American city

Assigned Readings for Unit 3:

• Week 11 Development
  • Ch. 9 - Key Issues 1, 2 (review from week 1), and 4
  • Ch. 14 - Key Issue 1
• Week 12 Agriculture
  • Ch. 10 - All 4 Key Issues
• Week 13 Industry
  • Ch. 11 - All 4 Key Issues
  • Also: The Mystical Power of Free Trade
  • Also: The Importance of German Immigration as a Locational Factor in the Illinois Brewing Industry: 1870 - 1920
• Week 14 Services and Urban Patterns
  • Ch. 12 - Key Issues 2 and 4
  • Ch. 13 - Key Issues 1 (only pp. 459-465 ), 2, and 4
• Don't forget the online videos, the instrructor notes, and the assigned "web Links"

WEEK 11 - DEVELOPMENT - Chapter 9 and 14

Define

• primary sector
• secondary sector
• tertiary sector
• fair trade
• structural adjustment programs

 

Textbook Figures

• 9-1
• 9-11
• 9-20
• 14-4
• 14-6
• 14-7
• 14-1

 

Other

• development through international trade approach
• online video "Sri Lanka vs. South Korea"
• Nationmaster
• Grameen Bank
• problems with using GDP per capita as a measure of average income
• what's included in the HDI
• the growing GDP per capita gap between MDCs and LDCs
• characteristics of LDCs and MDCs
• oil and development in the Middle East
• What is the less developed region with the highest percentage of people living in urban areas?
• International trade approach to development

 

Some other maps that may be seen in the exam

 

 

WEEK 12- AGRICULTURE - Chapter 10

Define

• winter wheat
• spring wheat
• truck farming
• swidden
• subsistence agriculture
• commercial agriculture
• transhumance
• double croppiing
• threshing
• winnowing
• agribusiness
• crop rotation

 

Textbook Figures

• 10-2
• 10-5
• 10-4 !!!
• 10-24
• 10-32
• 10-33

 

Other

• Von Thunen Model !!! (see below for Review of Geographic Models)
• Agricultural Regions
  • shifting cultivation
  • pastoral nomadism
  • intensive subsistence
  • platation
  • mixed crop and livestock
  • dairy
  • grain
  • livestock
  • Mediterranean
  • commercial gardening and fruit
• grapes and wine production occur in which agricultural region?
• subsistence vs. commercial agriculture
• hunters and gatherers
• The first region to integrate seed agriculture with domestication of herd animals (Invention of Agriculture)
• Which type of agriculture occupies the largest percentage of the world's land area?
• The largest proportion of farmers in Asia practice which type of agriculture?
• Agricultural regions and Climate regions (compare the maps in figure 10-4) and know the climate types (A, B, C, D, E, and H)
• Intensive subsistence agriculture: wet rice dominant vs. wet rice not dominant

 

Some other maps and figures that may be seen in the exam

 

 

 

  

WEEK 13 - INDUSTRY - Chapter 11

Define

• industrial revolution
• cottage industry
• break-of-bulk point
• bulk gaining
• bulk reducing
• single market manufacturer
• perishable products
• site factors
• situation factors
• Fordist
• post-Fordist

 

Textbook Figures

• 9-3 (p. 276)

 

Other

• Do economists support free trade or trade restictions?
• What was one of the most important locational factors explaining the location of breweries in nineteenth century Illinois?
• The United States had the most breweries in which decade?
• The locational factors of the beer brewing industry tend to favor locating the brewery at the market. Which characteristics of the brewing process does NOT (i.e. which would favor brewing at the source of a resource)?
• world regions containing the most industry
• Europe's industrial areas
• North America's industrial areas
• East Asia's industrial areas
• Canada's industrial areas
• Russia's industrial areas
• the best location for a copper mill
• the best location for an auto factory (fabricated metal)
• ship, rail, truck, or air?
• the best location for aluminum manufacturing
• the best location for the textile industry
• Ural Mountain industrial area

 

Some other maps and figures that may be seen in the exam

 

 

 

 

 

WEEK 14 - SERVICES AND URBAN PATTERNS - Chapters 12 and 13

 

Define

• density gradient
• urban sprawl
• urbanization
• central place theory
• edge city
• CBD
• threshold
• range
• gravity model
• median
• primate city
• primate city rule
• greenbelt
• squatter settlement
• factories moving to the suburbs

 

Textbook Figures

• 12-20
• 12-21
• 13-4
• 13-5
• 13-6
• 13-14
• 13-22
• 13-23

 

Other

• Adam's model (stages of intraurban growth)
• Models of Urban Structure
  • concentric zone model
  • sector model
  • multiple nuclei model
  • Multicentered/Peripheral model (pepperoni pizza)
  • model of a Latin American city
• Hotelling Model
• online video " Chicago: Farming on the Edge"
• Central Place Theory
• market area of a service
• hinterland
• which retail activities which tend to concentrate in the CBD?
• changes in the density gradient over time
• where do the urban poor live in US cities and in European cities?
• European cities
• Colonial cities

 

Some other maps and figures that may be seen in the exams

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Geographic Models to know:

In this unit many "geographic models" were introduced. Models are simplifications of reality to help us better understand a concept. Models can be expressed in words, with drawings, or mathematically.

"A model is simply a representation of a real thing. You have seen and used models in the past, like a globe which is a model of the earth. Geographers construct models to analyze geographic processes because the real object of study may be too large to examine, the processes which created it operate over too long of a time frame, or experimentation might actually harm or destroy it. For instance, physical geographers use stream tables to investigate the impact of hydrological processes on the earth. A stream table is more or less like a shallow sink filled with earth material similar to the land surface of interest. Water is applied to the material to see what affect varying amounts of water have on the erosion of the surface. Climate scientists use computer models, which are elaborate mathematical models. Models can be as simple as a box and arrow diagram showing the flows of energy between compartments of an ecosystem to complex numerical statements of the impact of increasing carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere on global temperature."
http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/essentials/models.html

Here is a list of the models introduced in this unit on economic geography:

Week 11 Development	Week 12 Agriculture	Week 13 Industry	Week 14 Services and Urban Patterns
Development Through Self-Sufficiency Development Through International Trade Rostow's Development Model	Von Thunen Model	Weber's model of industrial location Bulk-reducing industries / Weight-losing Bulk-gaining industries / Weight-gaining	Adam's model (stages of intraurban growth) Hotelling's Model of two ice cream vendors on a beach Central Place Theory Gravity Model Rank-size rule Primate City Rule Models of Urban Structure concentric zone model sector model multiple nuclei model Multicentered/Peripheral model (pepperoni pizza) model of a Latin American city

Here is a BRIEF explanation of each model:

• Week 11 Development
  • Development Through Self-Sufficiency 
    • sometimes called the "balanced-growth", "import substitution", and "infant industry"
    • Policies:
      • to promote self sufficiency and development LDCs would erect trade barriers to limit imports into their country
      • this then would reduce competition and result in higher prices, and higher profits, for domestic industries which could then grow creating jobs
      • governments may also put certain restrictions on domestic industries
        • preventing them from exporting goods
        • regulating their prices, expansion plans, hiring, etc.
      • sometimes the government would need to subsidize (i.e. give money to) companies that were not profitable
      • also common was government ownership of certain industries like communications (phone, Television, and radio companies), transportation (airlines), and power companies
    • How they restricted trade:
      • tariffs - taxes on imported items making them more expensive than domestically produced goods
      • quotas - limits on the quantity of goods that can be bought from other countries (imported)
      • licenses - requiring a license before goods can be imported then restricting the number of licenses
    • Problems with the Self-sufficiency Alternative
      • inefficiency - without competition there were no incentives resulting in
        • higher production costs
        • low product quality
        • higher prices
        • out of date factories and products
      • large government bureaucracy was needed to implement the program resulting in
        • abuse and corruption
        • higher costs
        • illegal activity (black market) to avoid government regulation
        • waste of resources in an attempt to get around the regulation
    • Summary:
      • The self sufficiency approach to development wasted a lot of resources and resulting in LESS being produces with the resources available limiting development.
      • Therefore most countries have switched to the international trade approach
      • a few countries (Venezuela and Bolivia come to mind) have recently reverted back to the self sufficiency approach. Most economists expect the policies to fail and the standards of living to drop, but Venezuela's crude oil reserves have delayed the decline

     

  • Development Through International Trade
    •  What is it:
      • relies on countries to SPECIALIZE in producing those products that they may be better at producing and then TRADING with other countries for products that they are not good at producing
      • for example if a country has a lot of unskilled labor it may specialize in labor-intensive industries like textiles (clothing) or assembly, importing the raw material and exporting the finished product
      • then, according to Rostow's model, the technology will diffuse to other industries (the drive to maturity stage) and more and more industries will experience rapid growth as well
      • This is similar to what YOU are doing in your personal lives and why you are going to college
        • Imagine if you decided to become rich by being self-sufficient - you produced all things for yourself and did not buy (trade) anything. You grew your own food, built your own house, made your own clothes, cars, cell phones, computers, calculators, etc. WHAT WOULD YOUR LIFE BE LIKE?
        • So what are you doing? You have decided to get an education and specialize in one career where you only do one thing, sell it to those who want it (like your employer), and you buy (trade) the products that you want. As a result of you specializing and trading, your standard of living will be much higher than if you sought to be self-sufficient and do everything for yourself
    • Examples of the International trade Approach
      • When most other countries were stagnating using the self-sufficiency approach, two groups of countries located in East and Southeast Asia and in the Middle East chose the development through trade approach with significantly better results
      • The Four Asian Dragons (sometimes called the "Asian Tigers")
        • South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong
        • all had few natural resources
        • concentrated on producing just a few manufactured goods, importing the materials necessary and using their low cost labor
        • resulting in rapid economic growth as other industries entered Rostow's takeoff stage and in the labor force becoming more skilled and then receiving higher wages
        • See our Online Video: "Sri Lanka vs. South Korea"
      • Petroleum-rich Arabian Peninsula states
        • unlike the Asian Tigers (Dragons), the Arabian Peninsula states had an important natural resource - oil
        • using their oil revenues these states have invested in economic infrastructure (housing, highways, ports, universities) and in developing additional industries (petrochemicals, steel, aluminum)
        • In Dubai, in the United Arab Emirates, in the Middle Eastern desert, there is even an indoor snow skiing hill!
          See: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DycMJc-Ow-E
    • Problems with the International Trade Alternative
      • As we can see in our own economy here in the U.S., the capitalist / international trade approach doesn't automatically make everyone rich, there are some problems
        • uneven resource distribution
        • periodic market stagnation
        • increased dependence on MDCs, or on other countries in general
        • unequal distribution of income - within a country some people get richer faster, some people advance more slowly
    • Recent Triumph of the International Trade Approach
      • Most countries have switched to the international trade approach to development
        • world trade has tripled in the last 25 years
        • world wealth has doubled in the last 25 years
        • India is a good example (and Sri Lanka)
        • "Countries like India converted from self-sufficiency to international trade during the 1990s for one simple reason - overwhelming evidence that international trade better promoted development" (p. 297)

         

  • Rostow's Development Model
    •  a five stage model of development
      1. TRADITIONAL SOCIETY - traditional subsistence agriculture dominates
      2. PRECONDITIONS FOR TAKEOFF - an elite well educated group initiates innovative economic activities as the country invests in new technology and infrastructure
      3. TAKEOFF - rapid growth is generated in a limited number of economic activities which achieve technical advances while the rest of the economy remains in traditional activities
      4. DRIVE TO MATURITY - the technology of the few take industries diffuses to a wide variety of industries as modernization diffuses throughout the economy
      5. AGE OF MASS CONSUMPTION - the economy shifts from heavy industry (steel and energy) to producing consumer goods
    • sometimes combined with the international trade model

     

• Week 12 Agriculture

  Von Thunen Model A classic model in geography models are used in geography to simplify the real world the Von Thunen model helps explain WHERE agricultural products are produced and WHY THERE. fashioned in 1826 to explain the land use patterns developing in Europe as a result of the agrarian revolution Assumptions of Von Thunen's "isolated state" single, self sufficient market center with no outside influence soil quality and climate are consistent throughout the isolated state flat and uninterrupted land without impediments to cultivation or transportation farmers transport their own crops to the market center taking the straight, direct, route therefore transport costs are directly proportional to distance (it costs more to transport longer distances) farmers want to maximize their profits by minimizing transportation costs Given these assumptions Von Thunen predicted that there would be 4 concentric land use rings surrounding a market place where different crops are planted depended on different transportation costs for different crops Ring 1: intensive farming and dairying ; vegetables, fruit, milk and other dairy products are perishable so they must get to market quickly, Ring 2: forests; wood for building and fuel is very heavy and difficult to transport so it is located as close to the city as possible. Ring 3: field crops; grains and potatoes can easily be stored and are lighter and easier to transport Ring 4: livestock ranching; very easy (inexpensive) to transport to the market center because they can walk there themselves The isolated state became the foundation for modern location theory.

• Week 13 Industry

  Weber's model of industrial location: Bulk-reducing industries / Weight-losing DEFINITION: a bulk-losing industry is one where the final product weighs less than its inputs WHERE TO LOCATE FACTORY: locating the factory close to the source of inputs will reduce total transport costs EXPLANATION: the costs of transportation are directly proportional to the bulk or weight of the item being transported this means that it costs more to transport heavy bulky things than light small things so transport costs will be lower if the product is produced at the source of inputs (resources) and then the lighter and smaller finished product is shipped to the market GRAPHS the top graph at the right shows the transportation costs for a weight-losing industry with the factory located between the source of inputs the the consumer market you can see that the costs of shipping the inputs to the factory rise quickly with distance but the cost of shipping the finished product from the factory to the market rise slowly because the product is a lot lighter and smaller and therefore cheaper to transport the middle graph at the right shows what happens if we move the factory a little closer to the source of the inputs since it is cheaper to ship the smaller and lighter finished product than the heavier and bulkier inputs the total transport costs are lower than in the graph above the bottom graph at the right shows what happens if we locate the factory at the source of inputs at the source of inputs there is no cost of transporting the inputs to the factory so the only transport costs is the cost of shipping the smaller, lighter product to the market. TO GET THE LOWEST COST AT THE MARKET IT MAKE SENSE TO LOCATE THE FACTORY OF A WEIGHT-LOSING INDUSTRY AT THE SOURCE OF THE INPUTS EXAMPLES - SEE TEXTBOOK: Copper Industry Steel Industry
  Weber's model of industrial location: Bulk-gaining industries / Weight-gaining DEFINITION: a bulk-gaining industry is one where the finished product gains weight during the production process WHERE TO LOCATE FACTORY: Close to markets EXPLANATION: the costs of transportation are directly proportional to the bulk or weight of the item being transported this means that it costs more to transport heavy bulky things than light small things so transport costs will be lower if the product is produced at the MARKET and then the lighter inputs are shipped to the factory located at the market, rather than producing the heavy product far away and then shipping it to the market GRAPHS the top graph at the right shows the transportation costs for a weight-gaining industry with the factory located between the source of inputs the the consumer market you can see that the costs of shipping the small and light inputs to the factory rise slowly with distance but the cost of shipping the finished product from the factory to the market rise quickly because the product is a lot heavier and bulkier and therefore more expensive to transport the middle graph at the right shows what happens if we move the factory a little closer to the market since it is cheaper to ship the smaller and lighter inputs than the heavier and bulkier finished product the total transport costs are lower than in the graph above if the factory is closer to the market the bottom graph at the right shows what happens if we locate the factory at the market at the market there is no cost of transporting the finished product so the only transport costs is the cost of shipping the smaller, lighter inputs to the factory TO GET THE LOWEST COST AT THE MARKET IT MAKE SENSE TO LOCATE THE FACTORY OF A WEIGHT-GAINING INDUSTRY AT MARKET EXAMPLES: soft drinks - adding water, that is available everywhere, at the market reduces transport costs fabricated metals and machinery automobiles

• Week 14 Services and Urban Patterns

  Adam's model of stages of intraurban growth Stage I: before 1888: Walking-Horsecar Era compact pedestrian city everything within a 30 minute walk slightly enlarged with the introduction of horse drawn trolleys Stage II: 1888-1920: Electric Streetcar Era expansion of cities out along the new electric streetcar lines the city core separated into CBD, residential district, and industrial district Stage III: 1920-1945: Recreational Auto Era result of the impact of the automobile wave of mass suburbanization central city reached its economic peak people live in the suburbs and work and shop in the city the central city partitions into ethnic, economic, and racial neighborhoods; ghettos formed Stage IV: 1945-Present: Freeway Era The building of expressways expanded the urban area greatly along the new corridors suburban business districts develop; "outer cities"; "suburban downtowns"; (see Vance's model of Urban realms below) the CBD begins to decline in importance
  Hotelling's Model A model, proposed by H. Hotelling (Economic Journal 39) of the effect of competition on locational decisions. The model is usually based on two ice-cream salesmen, A and B, on a mile of beach. The cost and choice of ice-cream is the same for each distributor. Buyers are evenly distributed along the beach. The first pattern of market share has the two salesmen positioned so that each is at the center of his half of the beach and the market is split up evenly. If A now moves nearer to the middle of the beach, he will increase his market share. The logical outcome of this will have both salesmen back to back at the center of the beach, as long as some customers are willing to walk nearly half a mile for an ice-cream, i.e. that the consumer provides the transport. This analogy indicates that locational decisions are not made independently but are influenced by the actions of others.
  Central Place Theory Central Place Theory works best in an area that is not heavily industrialized and that is not interrupted by major physical features So imagine a flat plain and ask yourself, where will cities and towns of different sizes locate and what services will be available in each city and town? Hierarchy of Services and Settlements small settlements there are many smaller settlements they only offer services with short ranges and small thresholds i.e. services with small market areas examples: gas stations, convenience store, cafes, bars, auto repair larger settlements There are fewer of these they offer services with higher the ranges and thresholds examples: banks, doctors offices, larger supermarket, car dealership, hospital they ALSO offer services with short ranges and small thresholds like gas stations, cafes, convenience stores, bars Nesting of Services and Settlements according to central place theory, the market areas across an MDC would be a series of hexagons of various sizes WHY? Market areas are nested which means the smaller ones are inside the larger ones. MDCs have numerous small settlements offering services with short ranges and small thresholds and fewer large settlements offering services with longer ranges and larger thresholds AND services with short ranges and small thresholds\ The textbook uses the term "nesting" or "to nest"; such a nest is a "set of objects of graduated size that can be stacked together, each fitting within the one immediately larger, like a nest (or stack) of tables." (dictionary.com)
  Gravity Model Optimal location within a market area is the location that minimizes distance for the largest number of people gravity model: the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people and inversely related to the distance people must travel
  Rank-size rule in many MDCs the ranking of cities from largest population to smallest population tends to follow a certain pattern called the rank-size rule rank-size rule: the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement for example the 2nd largest city is 1/2 the population of the largest the 3rd largest city is 1/3 the size of the largest the 4th largest is 1/4 the size of the largest the distribution of settlements in the United States closely follows the rank size rule
  Primate City Rule another distribution of city sizes is the primate city rule the largest settlement has more than twice as many residents than the second largest settlement many MDCs follow the primate city rule for the largest city and the rank-size rule for smaller settlements Examples: Mexico, Great Britain, France
  Concentric Zone Model of Urban Structure first urban model, developed by sociologist E. W. Burgess in 1923 to explain the distribution of different social groups within urban areas internal urban structure is a series of concentric rings surrounding the CBD the CBD is in the center with nonresidential activities the CBD is surrounded by a zone of transition which contains industry and warehouses, poorer-quality housing including public housing and more rental units, and gentrified buildings. New immigrants often live here first. Gentrification is the process by which middle-class people move into deteriorating inner-city neighborhoods and renovate the housing. This often alters the ethnic pattern in the zone of transition as property values rise forcing low income residents out. zone of working-class homes with modest older homes, more homes are owned by their residents zone of better residences larger homes, middle-class families, fewer rental units, more owner-occupied housing commuter's zone beyond the continuous built-up area of the city, small villages, "dormitory towns" for workers,
  Sector Model of Urban Structure developed in 1938 by Homer Hoyt city develop as a series of sectors, not rings sectors branch out form the CBD sectors may form because of an environmental factor (e.g.. richer homes along a series of lakes) or they may just develop by chance sector expand outward from the outer edge and new upper-class houses are built adjacent to the outer edge of other upper-class houses, or new retail establishments or industries are built adjacent to the outer edge of other retail establishments and industries Hoyt argued that the best housing in Chicago developed north of the CBD along Lake Michigan and then expanded further north along the lake, and industries developed along the railroad lines near the CBD then expanded along those lines to the south, southwest, and northwest
  Multiple Nuclei Model of Urban Structure developed by geographers C. D. Harris and E. L. Ullman in 1945 they argued that city structure is more complex with a CBD, but also with other centers, or "nodes" of activity where certain activities take place like near a port, university, airport, neighborhood business center different activities are attracted to different nodes and other activities avoid incompatible nodes
  Multicentered/Peripheral Model of Urban Structure The textbook discusses the "Peripheral Model" which is very similar to the "Multicentered Model" I like to call this the Pepperoni Pizza Model The single urban structure of the past (as described in the models above) is transformed into a multicentered model in which several outlying activity concentrations rival the Central Business District (CBD) the CBD functions in this model as the center of the region, but no longer does it demand the same level of attention of city residents that it may have once received basically "edge cities" have begun to function independently of the CBD (i.e. there are now few connections between the new suburban "edge cities" and the CBD) Edge city is an American term for a concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment outside a traditional urban area in what had recently been a residential suburb or semi-rural community. The term was . . . popularized in the 1991 book Edge City: Life on the New Frontier by Joel Garreau, who established its current meaning while working as a reporter for the Washington Post. Garreau argues that the edge city has become the standard form of urban growth worldwide, representing a 20th-century urban form unlike that of the 19th-century central downtown. North American City today is a MULTICENTERED METROPOLIS Economic activity is decentralized, located outside of CBD residential, retail, manufacturing, offices all exist in the edge cities and function independently of the CBD
  Latin American City Model of Urban Structure A central business district (CBD) usually contains a central square with governmental buildings and a cathedral at the center of the city.  It also contains commercial activity supported by retail and other business establishments.  A commercial spine extends from the central square along a major transportation corridor.  The Elite Residential Sector surrounds the commercial spine, since residents are capable of taking advantage of the amenities offered by the spine to include upper class, high quality housing.  The Zone of Maturity is in the inner city and contains the best housing outside the elite sector.  The residents have the capital to maintain repairs on their houses.  The Zone of In-Situ Accretion is modest housing located outside of the Zone of Maturity.  Mixed housing ranging from well-kept, modest dwellings to those in disrepair, population density is quite high.  The Zone of Peripheral Squatter Settlement, the poorest, outermost ring of the Latin American city.  Makeshift houses are made from whatever scraps of material, lumber, or rock are found in the area.  This is the area that rural-urban migrants first encounter and stay until they can find better jobs and housing within the city.

The EXAM REVIEW link on Blackboard will give you access to a "Practice Quiz on Geographic Models".

INSTRUCTOR:

E-Mail instructor: mhealy@harpercollege.edu
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