5-12 Explain how government might manipulate its expenditures and tax revenues to reduce (a) unemployment and (b) the rate of inflation.

(a) To reduce unemployment, government must increase total or aggregate spending in the economy to encourage more production and employment. It can do so by increasing its own spending on goods and services and, by reducing taxes, inducing the population to spend more. Reduced taxes on businesses might also have a supply-side effect, allowing businesses to produce more as a result of the lower tax cost burden. Monetary authorities should be encouraged to increase the supply of money and credit available.

(b) To reduce the rate of inflation, government should reduce aggregate spending for goods and services in the economy. It can do so by decreasing its own spending and/or by increasing taxes, which would induce consumers to spend less. It could also encourage a monetary authorities to reduce the supply of money and credit.

If both inflation and unemployment are problems at the same time, in other words, the economy is suffering from "stagflation", the government stabilization policy to follow is less clear. The only clear direction in that case would be to enact policies that would encourage investment spending, in hopes of increasing productivity and encouraging increased future output and employment levels.

 

5-14 What is the most important source of revenue and the major type of expenditure at the Federal level? At the state level? At the local level?

At the Federal level, the most important source of revenue is the personal income tax. The main expenditure is for income security.

At the state level the most important sources of revenue are sales, excise, and gross receipts taxes followed by personal income taxes. The main expenditures are for public welfare, with education running a very close second.

At the local level the most important source of revenue is, by far, property taxes. Education is by far the most important expenditure.

5-15 (Key Question) Suppose in Fiscalville there is no tax on the first $10,000 of income, but earnings between $10,000 and $20,000 are taxed at 20 percent and income between $20,000 and $30,000 at 30 percent. Any income above $30,000 is taxed at 40 percent. If your income is $50,000, how much in taxes will you pay? Determine your marginal and average tax rates. Is this a progressive tax?

Total tax = $13,000; marginal tax rate = 40% average tax rate = 26%. This is a progressive tax; the average tax rate rises as income goes up.