 | Economics 14/e McConnell | |||||
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American Federation Of Labor And Congress Of Industrial Organizations
A lose, voluntary affiliation of labor unions. AFL-CIO unions include the Teamsters, the United Autoworkers, Communications Workers, and Carpenters. Roughly 14 million of the 17 million union members in America belong to a union in the AFL-CIO. Roughly 3 million union members are part of independent, non-AFL-CIO unions such as the National Education Association, the Nurses' Union, and the United Mine Workers.
independent unions
U.S. unions which are not affiliated with the AFL-CIO.
business unionism
Labor unionism which concerns itself with such practical and short-run objectives as higher wages shorter hours and improved working conditions.
structural-change hypothesis
The explanation which attributes the decline of unionism in the United States to changes in the structure of the economy and of the labor force.
managerial-opposition hypothesis
An explanation which attributes the relative decline of unionism in the United States to the increased and more aggressive opposition of management to unions.
collective bargaining
The negotiation of labor contracts between labor unions and firms or government entities.
closed shop
A place of employment where only workers who are already members of a labor union may be hired.
union shop
A place of employment where the employer may hire either labor union members or nonmembers but where nonmembers must become members within a specified period of time or lose their jobs.
agency shop
A union that requires non-union workers to pay union dues or donate an equivalent amount to charity.
right-to-work laws
A state law (in about 20 states) which makes it illegal to require a worker to join a labor union in order to retain his or her job; laws which make union shops illegal.
open shop
A place of employment in which the employer may hire nonunion workers and in which the workers need not become members of a labor union.
strike
The withholding of labor services by an organized group of workers (a labor union).
lockout
An action by a firm which forbids workers to return to work until a new collective bargaining contract is signed; a means of imposing costs (lost wages) on union workers in a collective bargaining dispute.
National Labor Relations Act
(Wagner Act of 1935) As amended the basic labor-relations law in the United States; defines the legal rights of unions and management and identifies unfair union and management labor practices; established the National Labor Relations Board.
National Labor Relations Board
The board established by the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 to investigate unfair labor practices to issue cease-and-desist orders and to conduct elections among employees to determine if they wish to be represented by a labor union.
collective voice
The function a labor union performs for its members as a group when it communicates their problems and grievances to management and presses management for a satisfactory resolution.
exit mechanism
The process of leaving a job and searching for another one as a means of improving one’s working conditions.
voice mechanism
Communication by workers through their union to resolve grievances with an employer.
labor-market discrimination
Occurs when equivalent labor resources are paid or treated differently even though their productive contributions are equal.
wage discrimination
The payment of a lower wage to members of particular groups than to preferred workers for the same work.
employment discrimination
Inferior treatment in hiring promotions work assignments and such for a particular group of employees.
occupational discrimination
Arbitrary restriction of particular groups from entering the more desirable higher-paying occupations.
human-capital discrimination
The denial to members of particular groups of equal access to productivity-enhancing education and training.
taste-for-discrimination model
A theory of discrimination which views discrimination as a preference for which an employer is willing to pay.
discrimination coefficient
A measure of the cost or disutility of prejudice; the monetary amount an employer is willing to pay to hire a preferred worker rather than a nonpreferred worker.
statistical discrimination
Judging an individual on the basis of the average characteristic of the group to which the person belongs rather than on personal characteristics.
occupational segregation
Crowding women or minorities into less desirable lower-paying occupations.
affirmative action
Policies and programs which establish targets of increased employment and promotion for women and minorities.
reverse discrimination
The view that the preferential treatment associated with affirmative action efforts constitutes discrimination against other groups.
legal immigrants
A person who lawfully enters a country for the purpose of residing there.
illegal immigrants
A person who enters a country without the country’s permission for purpose of residing there.
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